I have left this section as it appeared in the previous edition, since it will be more
convenient to discuss the Anopheles of the F.M.S. in a later
chapter (see Chapter 25.). – M.W. ↗
Section 45, Conservancy of Towns and Villages Enactment, 1890. ↗
Consisting of the Director of the Institute for Medical Research (H. Wright), the
State Surgeon (E. A. O. Travers), the District Surgeon, Klang
(M. Watson), the General Manager for Railways (C. E. Spooner), the State
Engineer (B. P. M’Glashan), and the Resident Engineer for Railways
(A. P. Watkins and later D. J. Highet). ↗
One was my servant. On 28th October 1904, I found the man in charge of the
Resthouse at Jugra had malignant malaria, a severe crescent infection. Despite a warning
my servant slept in the man’s room. From 6th November to the
9th, he had headache; on the 10th and 11th his
temperatures were 103-8° and 104° F. respectively, and on the 12th
malignant parasites were found in his blood. ↗
The children examined were under an estimated age of ten, in all places, unless expressly
stated otherwise. ↗
A picul is a traditional Asian unit of weight, “as much as a man can carry on a
shoulder pole.” It corresponds to approximately 60 kg. ↗
It is to be understood that practically every child on estates is examined, and that where
a spleen rate is shown, it is based on the examination of the child population, and not
merely calculated from an examination of a proportion of the children. ↗
The place marked “80” on estate “C” in both maps does not
represent a spleen rate, but only the number of coolies there in 1906. Coolies no longer
live on this site as it was so unhealthy, and the lines were destroyed. ↗
In 1913 A. maculatus appeared in the hill-foot drains (see
Chapter 22). ↗
The spleen rates given in this paragraph seem inconsistent; they are, however, unaltered
from the original (M.P.) ↗
A. umbrosus has since been found, but is probably not
important. ↗
Next to the anopheline the introduction of a large body of non-immune coolies is the
important factor in the production of the severest outbreaks of malaria in the tropics.
Captain Christophers and Dr. Bentley have called the condition produced
hyper-endemicity, in a valuable paper on “The Human Factor in Malaria” [21]. This is truly so
called since the number of non-immune persons is greater than ever occurs in a normal
population. ↗
(1919)—I have since been informed the third estate suffered from a bad water-supply
[M. W.] ↗
It seems likely that this the annualized mortality rate—200‰ of the
population would have died if the rate had remained this high for the entire year (M.P.) ↗
By daily quinine administration for coolies I mean six days out of seven, namely, on the
working days. ↗
(1920)—Ross and Thomson have shown there is a connection between the asexual and
sexual parasites in the peripheral blood.—M. W. ↗
Among the causes which predispose to a malaria relapse, menstruation is a powerful one.
Menstruation frequently is followed by, and sometimes accompanied by, a malaria attack. I
have a record of a European who, when in England, had six attacks of malaria following at
once on six regular menstrual periods. On her return to the tropics, and after an interval
of many months, she had a return of severe pyrexia within two days of a more than usually
severe monthly period. (1920.—On account of these relapses at each period, she had
to be invalided permanently from the tropics.) ↗
(1920)—For some years the quinine has been given in gelatine capsules. ↗
(1920)—This subject is discussed in an illuminating manner by Ross in Chapter V. of
his Prevention of Malaria—M. W. ↗
(1920)—I saw a case of quinine blindness for the first time in 1918. But I have been
told it has not been rare in this country when much larger doses have been given.—M.
W. ↗
(1920)—The cost of quinine is now much greater.—M. W. ↗
The following is Rule 2, under Section 6 of the Drainage Rate Enactment of Selangor,
F.M.S.: “The annual drainage rate shall ordinarily be an amount calculated to yield
5%, on the original cost to the Government of the drainage works, together with the annual
cost to the Government of the maintenance thereof. For the purpose of this rule all
necessary sluice gates, and other protective works constructed in connection with the
drainage of the whole or any portion of any drainage area, shall be deemed to be drainage
works.” ↗
“Malaria sine pyrexia” – malaria without the characteristic fever
attacks. Watson is referring to Table 4.4, which
shows how mortality ascribed to “other diseases” recedes when malaria does
(M.P.) ↗
“Kharsivan” was a commercial preparation of salvarsan (arsphenamine), an
organometallic drug used to treat syphilis. It was produced by Wellcome (M.P.) ↗
The manager who carried out this excellent work was Mr. R. K. Walker. ↗
Owing to the great increase in the cost of oil, additional areas have been
subsoil-drained. ↗
For such a study, references [27–31]
may be consulted. ↗
This was not due to oiling in this instance, but was a natural growth. ↗
(1920)—This chapter has been reprinted as it appeared in the previous edition,
except for some minor alterations in composition and changes in the names of mosquitoes to
those now generally in use. ↗
Dr. Lamborn is publishing an interesting paper on the hooked caudal hairs of
larvae. ↗
“Padi” and “sawah” are Malay words, meaning rice and rice field
respectively. ↗
Presumably the death rate should be read as 100‰, but this is not stated explicitly
in the original (M.P.) ↗
Dr. A. T. Stanton has since then proved A. aconitus to be a natural carrier of malaria. It is probably
the chief carrier in the rice fields in valleys in the Peninsula. ↗
The original text here cites the following reference: Daniels. Journ.
Malaya Br. B.M.A., 1905. I have been unable to locate this reference. (M.P.) ↗
(1920)—A. ludlowi is a carrier of malaria in the flat
land of the Malay Peninsula and elsewhere in Asia. It has been shown, however, that the
thorough open drainage required to eliminate it is well within the range of practical
sanitation; so there is apparently no reason why malaria carried by A. costalis could not be controlled; or if malaria were carried
by A. rossi in Malaya, why it also could not be
controlled. ↗
General Gorgas claims that 71,370 lives were saved by sanitary work in Panama during the
construction of the Canal, and calculated this from the French death rate of
200‰. ↗